References

Here are the resources we have used and consulted. And you can find more details using these!

 

 

1.    Singh, S. K., Piscitelli, C. L., Yamashita, A.& Gouaux, E. A competitive inhibitor traps LeuT in an open-to-out conformation. Science 322, 1655–1661 (2008)

2.    Mechanism for alternating access in neurotransmitter transporters. Forrest LR, Zhang YW, Jacobs MT, Gesmonde J, Xie L, Honig BH, Rudnick GProc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008 Jul 29; 30(105):10338-43

3.    Amara, S. G. & Sonders, M. S. Neurotransmitter transporters as molecular target for addictive drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend. 51, 87–96 (1998).

4.    Mechanism for alternating access in neurotransmitter transporters. Forrest LR, Zhang YW, Jacobs MT, Gesmonde J, Xie L, Honig BH, Rudnick GProc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008 Jul 29; 30(105):10338-43

5.    Unbiased simulations reveal the inward-facing conformation of the human serotonin transporter and Na(+) ion release. Koldsø H, Noer P, Grouleff J, Autzen HE, Sinning S, Schiøtt BPLoS Comput Biol 2011 Oct; 10(7):e1002246

6.    Molecular basis of alternating access membrane transport by the sodium-hydantoin transporter Mhp1. Shimamura T, Weyand S, Beckstein O, Rutherford NG, Hadden JM, Sharples D, Sansom MS, Iwata S, Henderson PJ, Cameron ADScience 2010 Apr 23; 5977(328):470-3

7.    Structure and molecular mechanism of a nucleobase-cation-symport-1 family transporter.Weyand S, Shimamura T, Yajima S, Suzuki S, Mirza O, Krusong K, Carpenter EP, Rutherford NG, Hadden JM, O'Reilly J, Ma P, Saidijam M, Patching SG, Hope RJ, Norbertczak HT, Roach PC, Iwata S, Henderson PJ, Cameron ADScience 2008 Oct 31; 5902(322):709-13

8.    Zhao, Y. et al. Single-molecule dynamics of gating in a neurotransmitter transporter homologue. Nature 465, 188–193 (2010).

9.    Kniazeff, J. et al. An intracellular interaction network regulates conformational transitions in the dopamine transporter. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 17691–17701 (2008).

10. Celik, L., Schiott, B. & Tajkhorshid, E. Substrate binding and formation of an occluded state in the leucine transporter. Biophys. J. 94, 1600–1612 (2008).

11. Loland, C. J., Norregaard, L., Litman, T. & Gether, U. Generation of an activating Zn21 switch in the dopamine transporter: mutation of an intracellular tyrosine constitutively alters the conformational equilibrium of the transport cycle. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 1683–1688 (2002).

12.  Krishnamurthy, H. & Gounaux, E. (2012) X-ray structures of LeuT in substrate-free outward-open and apo inward-open states. Nature. 481,  469–474 . Shi L, Quick M, Zhao Y, Weinstein H, Javitch JA. (2008) The mechanism of a neurotransmitter:sodium symporter--inward release of Na+ and substrate is triggered by substrate in a second binding site. Mol Cell. 30(6):667-677.